We talk with Howard Gerwin, an expert in diesel engine technology, to gain a deeper understanding of how diesel engines work and the latest innovations to improve emissions and combat climate change. Howard explains the VW diesel emissions scandal in 2015 and the challenges VW faced. He provides an in-depth look at technologies like catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation or EGR, selective catalytic reduction or SCR, and Diesel Exhaust Fluid or AdBlue and how they work to reduce emissions. With over 380 million diesel engines in use today, retrofitting existing engines is key to significantly reducing emissions and slowing climate change. The RK injector is an exciting new technology that could revolutionize diesel engines, especially for marine vessels, trains, backup generators, and construction equipment. Its ability to be retrofitted into existing engines could have a major impact on global warming. Howard shares details on Euro 6 and U.S. emissions standards and discusses nitrogen oxide or NOx and particulate emissions in detail. He explains current solutions like catalytic converters, particulate filters, EGR, AdBlue, and common rail diesel injection. He provides a deep dive into blue flame combustion technology and how to improve combustion efficiency. Howard points out the high costs of reducing emissions after combustion and the benefits of optimizing the combustion process itself. Overall, this interview gives us valuable insights into the current state of diesel technology, emissions regulations, and innovative new solutions to improve the environmental friendliness of diesel engines. With retrofitting and new technologies, diesel can play an important role in a sustainable future.